Anti-Trafficking Legal Project (ATLeP)     ATLeP Home About ATLeP ATLeP Training ATLeP Country Research Law and Policy Caselaw Trafficking Research Research websites Support for Victims Trafficking and exploitation Rape, sexual violence, revictimisation Trauma issues Other           Research reports and journal articles on trafficking and exploitation *NEW* Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group, Wrong kind of victim? One year on: an analysis of UK measures to protect trafficked persons, 16 June 2010 The report presents the results of research undertaken to monitor the first year of implementation across the UK of the Council of Europe Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings from 01 April 2009 to 31 March 2010.  It finds that the UK Government’s anti-trafficking practice is not compliant with the Convention and, where it relates to children, is not compliant with other aspects of UK law or best practice. ECPAT UK have published a briefing paper on Safeguarding children trafficked to the UK to undertake forced labour in cannabis factories, 2010.  Other ECPAT reports and publications on child trafficking are available at: http://www.ecpat.org.uk/publications.html Eaves Housing for Women, Of Human Bondage: Trafficking in Women and Contemporary Slavery in the UK, June 2009 Poppy Project, Routes In, Routes Out: Quantifying the Gendered Experience of Trafficking to the UK, August 2008 Child Exploitation and Online Protection (CEOP) Centre, Strategic Threat Assessment: Child Trafficking in the UK, April 2009 Poppy Project and Refugee Women’s Resource Project at Asylum Aid, Good Intentions: a review of the New Asylum Model and its impact on trafficked women claiming asylum, June 2008 The American Bar Association have published three texts as part of their Legal Response to Human Trafficking series.  They provide information and guidance to people working on trafficking cases in the US.  They include: - Meeting the Legal Needs of Human Trafficking Victims: An Introduction for Domestic Violence Attorneys & Advocates - Meeting the Legal Needs of Child Trafficking Victims: An Introduction for Children's Attorneys & Advocates - Human Trafficking Cases: How and Why to Use an Expert Witness June Fraser, Head of Women's Unit Refugee Legal Project, Legal Services Agency, Review Of Case Law On Particular Social Groups From 1999 To 2005, Glasgow, November 2005 Cathy Zimmerman, Mazeda Hossain, Kate Yun, Brenda Roche, Linda Morison, and Charlotte Watts. Stolen Smiles: the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked into Europe, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 2006 Very detailed and useful research report on trafficking. Contains a lot of information on the profile of victims; the nature of traffickers and the trafficking process; and the impact of trafficking on health, mental health and disclosure etc. Trafficking for the purposes of labour exploitation: a literature review, Home Office, 2007 USAID, Literature Review and Analysis Related to Human Trafficking in Post-Conflict Situations, June 2004 IOM, Data and research on human trafficking: a global survey, International Migration Vol.43, 2005 Hope Betrayed: an analysis of women victims of trafficking and their claims for asylum, Eaves Poppy Project and Asylum Aid, February 2006 Auton, A. et al. (undated). Comparative Report on the Application of Asylum Standards to Protect Women Trafficked for Sexual Exploitation: An Analysis of the Laws of the United States, France, Canada, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom. The report presents an analysis of the treatment of asylum claims by 5 signatory countries to the UN Convention and the UN Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, and explores how such treatment may be used to advocate for asylum status on behalf of trafficking victims Louise Shelley, "Trafficking in Women: The Business Model Approach" in The Brown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. X, No.1 Summer/Fall 2003 Orlova, A. V., and Moore, J. W. "'Umbrellas' or 'Building Blocks'? Defining International Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime in International Law," Houston Journal of International Law, 27: 2 (2005), 267-310. Orlova, A. V. "Trafficking of Women and Children for Exploitation in the Commercial Sex Trade: The Case of the Russian Federation," Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, VI: II (2005), 157-178. Orlova, A. V. "Organized Crime and the Rule of Law in the Russian Federation," Essex Human Rights Review, 2:1 (2005), 23-37. Orlova, A.V. "From Social Dislocation to Human Trafficking: The Russian Case," Problems of Post Communism, 51: 6 (2004), 14-22. C Beyrer & J Stachowiak, 'Health Consequences of trafficking of Women and Girls in S E Asia', Brown Journal of World Affairs 2003   Back to top   Reports on rape, sexual violence and revictimisation Department of Health and Human Services (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sexual Violence Fact Sheet - Referenced fact sheet on sexual violence from a US government department. Discusses the impact of sexual violence, vulnerability and risk factors for victimisation and sexual violence and revictimisation. Home Office Research Study 237, Rape and sexual assault of women: the extent and nature of the problem: findings from the British Crime Survey, March 2002 Chapter 5 of this Home Office sponsored research into rape and sexual assault discusses repeat victimisation. Terri L. Messman-Moore and Patricia J. Long "The role of childhood sexual abuse sequelae in the sexual revictimization of women: An empirical review and theoretical reformulation" in Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2003) 537-571 Abstract:" There is now widespread empirical evidence that child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors are at greater risk for sexual revictimization in adulthood, but less is known of the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Despite the lack of a conceptual framework to guide research, there has been a recent influx of studies examining explanatory variables, with most focusing on the psychological sequelae of CSA: alcohol and drug use, sexual behavior, dissociation, posttraumatic symptomatology, poor risk recognition, and interpersonal difficulties. With the exception of sexual behavior, the studies reviewed here provide limited or mixed support for the role of intrapersonal factors in revictimization. Future research may benefit from a focus on the function of psychological distress that is expressed as psychological vulnerability, as opposed to individual forms of psychopathology or maladaptive behavior. An ecological framework may be useful as a guide to future investigations, as this model focuses on factors outside of the victim, including childhood factors such as family environment, contextual factors including the behavior of the perpetrator, and societal and cultural factors that impact revictimization. Future investigations should focus on the interaction between victim vulnerability and perpetrator behavior. Implications for prevention programming, clinical intervention, and future research are discussed." Back to top   Reports on trauma issues Diana Bogner, Jane Herlihy and Chris R. Brewin (2007) "Impact of sexual violence on disclosure during Home Office interviews" British Journal of Psychiatry 191 pp.75-81 Summary available at: http://www.researchasylum.org.uk/?lid=1651 Stuart Turner (2007) "Memory for Trauma" in Aida Alayarian (ed) Resilience, Suffering and Creativity: the work of the Refugee Therapy Centre (London: Karnac), pp.29-44 Jane Herlihy (2006) "Should discrepant accounts given by asylum seekers be taken as proof of deceit?" Torture 2006;16(2):81-92 Abstract: BACKGROUND: In order to recognise a refugee in a receiving state, decision makers have to make a judgment based on background information and the account given by the individual asylum seeker. Whilst recognising that this is a very difficult decision, we examine one of the assumptions made in this process: that an account which is inconsistent is probably fabricated for the purposes of deceitfully gaining asylum status. We review some of the psychological processes at work when a person applies for asylum, and report a study offering empirical evidence of some of the reasons why accounts of traumatic experiences may be inconsistent. METHODS: In the study reported, 39 Kosovan and Bosnian (UNHCR) program refugees in the UK were interviewed on two occasions about a traumatic and a non-traumatic event in their past. They were asked specific questions about the events on each occasion. FINDINGS: All participants changed some responses between the first and second interview. There were more changes between interviews in peripheral detail than in the central gist of the account. Changes in peripheral detail were especially likely for memories of traumatic events. Participants with higher levels of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were also more inconsistent when there was a longer delay between interviews. INTERPRETATIONS: We consider this and similar studies in the light of asylum decision making, proposing that these decisions, often a matter of life and death to the applicant, must be based not on lay assumptions, but on established empirical knowledge. Jane Herlihy (2005) "Evidentiary Assessment and Psychological Difficulties" in Gregor Noll (ed) Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff) pp.123-137 Juliet Cohen (2001) "Errors of Recall and Credibility: Can omissions and discrepancies in successive statements reasonably be said to undermine credibility of testimony" Medico-Legal Journal, 69 (1) pp. 25-34 Factsheet on Complex PTSD, United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD Judith Lewis Herman (1997) Trauma and Recovery: From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books) Chapter 6 discusses Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Back to top   Other reports     Legal Notice: The content on ATLeP’s web pages is subject to a disclaimer. Back to top